New Look Jackets Inc. : Variance Analysis Essay

Presentation New Look Jackets Inc. (NLJ) is an entrenched assembling organization that makes cowhide and nylon coats. The organization has many long standing clients because of their phenomenal assistance and nature of items. In 2012, they had some trouble with quality and occupying orders on time because of the expansion of interest to the cowhide coats. A difference investigation has been finished and this report will separate the outcomes. Deals Volume Variance Analysis The business volume for NLJ is ideal all in all on the grounds that 10,000 additional coats were sold at that point planned. The business volume for the nylon coat is negative in light of the fact that 1,500 less coats were sold at that point planned. Anyway the cowhide coats deals volume is good in light of the fact that 11,500 additional coats were sold. In the wake of investigating the business volume and breaking the fluctuation into deals blend and deals amount. The calfskin coats have a positive deals blend however the nylon coats have a negative blend; the general deals blend is ideal. The general good deals blend is great on account of the high increment in calfskin coats sold. The business blend was planned at 95% Nylon and 5% Leather yet the real was 85% Nylon and 15% Leather. The real deals blend was a composite unit comprises of 0.85 units of deals to the Nylon coats and 0.15 units of deals to the Leather coats. The explanation behind this good fluctuation is because of t he expansion popular of calfskin coats. The showcasing group didn't anticipate this pattern therefor did exclude the expansion of calfskin coats in the 2012 financial plan. NLJ has a good deals amount difference because of the complete coats sold surpass the planned coats. They have a $139,625F deals amount fluctuation in light of the fact that sold 10,000 additional coats then what was planned. It can likewise be expressed as 10,000 X $13.9625 (see informative supplement 1) = $139,625F. The 13.9625 (11.6375 Nylon + 2.2350 Leather) is the entirety of planned CM per unit forâ budgeted blend. The nylon coats make up 83.3% of this positive change in light of the fact that 77,000 additional coats were sold. This is an increasingly moderate item therefor deals more. The business amount difference can be additionally separated into piece of the pie fluctuation and market-size change. The piece of the overall industry is $349,063 troublesome; the organization didn't accomplish the 40% of the cowhide coat showcase in view of the significant increment to request. The planned cowhide coat showcase was 12,500 yet the real market was 125,000, the market expanded multiple times. This oversight was the purpose behind the troublesome piece of the overall industry. T he nylon coats were planned at 20% piece of the overall industry and really were 22% of piece of the overall industry. The market-size fluctuation is good, as the absolute market-size was more prominent than anticipated. The planned market unit was 487,500 yet the real size was 550,000, an expanded interest of 62,500 units. The market increment is a direct result of the cowhide coat request. In 2012, the nylon coat showcase diminished by 50,000 units. Adaptable Budget Variance Analysis For the nylon coats all planned sums were accomplished anticipated the variable selling and organization. The variable selling and organization was good by $14,025. The good difference was on the grounds that financial plan was 15 pennies higher than genuine. The lessening in the selling and organization cost was because of the abatement sought after for 2012. The cowhide coats adaptable spending changes were all ominous barring the immediate work rate. The immediate work rate was ideal because of the freshness laborers recruited to create the calfskin coats. The calfskin coat showcase increment essentially so the interest for gifted laborers expanded. NLJ needed to fall back on employing incompetent laborers to stay aware of interest. This brought about an ideal direct work rate yet at the expense of offer returns expanding to 8% from 1%. The adaptable spending fluctuation is comprised of the productivity (utilization) change and value difference. The cowhide coat value difference i s 44,550U in light of the fact that the cost was downplayed in the planned by 2.70 per unit. The proficiency (utilization) differences for the cowhide coats are both ominous for direct materials and direct work. The standard work use was 2 hours, NLJ real work utilization was 2.5 hours. This brought about a 165,000U fluctuation ((2-2.5)*20*16,500). The immediate materials proficiency difference was 66,000U. NLJ utilized 0.2 meters progressively a coat then productionâ standards ((2.5m †2.7m)*20*16,500). These horrible differences are because of the unpracticed specialists that were employed in view of the unanticipated interest in cowhide coats. Equal the initial investment Analysis The business blend is planned for 2013 as 77% Nylon coats and 23% Leather coats. With this business blend the equal the initial investment delineated in Appendix 2 is 53,561 Nylon coats and 16,068 Leather coats. For the two items, this is 53.56% of the real planned sums therefor earn back the original investment ought to be reach by second quarter. On the off chance that the normal market size of either coat diminishes request, NLJ will in any case be operating at a profit for 2013. Working Budget 2013 Sketched out in Appendix 3 is the draft working financial plan for 2013. The nylon coat costs are required to increment by 5% and cowhide coat costs have expanded from 2012. The creation and promoting administrators investigated the normal conditions for 2013 and the draft financial plan mirrors that. This year, absolute creation is required to increment by 18.2% and total compensation by $766,400. Proposal NLJ realizes the Nylon showcase well so the changes were negligible. The calfskin showcase is the place the organization needs to invest more energy investigating and building up the financial plan to decrease the horrible fluctuations. The business sectors and future patterns ought to be explored in a progressively itemized issue for 2013. End NLJ is a gainful organization and can remain productive by keeping their long standing clients. They have to investigate the market and realize the patterns coming up so they can spending plan and plan all the more effectively. The large swing in ominous changes was for the most part because of the unanticipated increment sought after to calfskin coats. In 2013, NLJ won't consider this to be as laborers will be completely prepared and the showcasing and creation information is including the up and coming patterns.

Space Flight Essays - Apollo Program, United States,

Space Flight On May 25, 1961, John F. Kennedy conveyed one of the most significant State of the Union locations throughout the entire existence of the United States. ?I accept that this country ought to invest in accomplishing the objective, before this decade is out, of handling a man on the Moon and returning him securely to the earth? (http://www.cs.umb.edu/jfklibrary, President John F. Kennedy's Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs). With those words, Kennedy propelled another time of room investigation in the United States. Despite the fact that the National Aeronautics And Space Administration was made in 1958 by the National Aeronautics and Space Act (http://www.hq.nasa.gov, Key Documents), and the Russians previously propelled the principal satellite into space in 1957, the US was still at a halt regarding the matter. What the nation required was a reminder, and that is actually what it got from one of the most commended speakers in its history. The new period guarante ed a lot, however anticipated pretty much nothing. From USA's battle to be the prevailing politically influential nation vulnerable War Era, to the thoughtless exhaustion of normal assets in the Information Age, space investigation and space explorers were and will be the genuine keys to the new thousand years and past. Prior to investigating the future, or in any event, assessing the present, one must glance in detail at the historical backdrop of the space venture. The missions that gave researchers and architects the important information and experience to make new, more secure, increasingly solid and many-sided gear were propelled some time before there was practical discuss sending tests to Mars. The space travelers that helped shape the preparation programs, took the beatings of crude flight tests, and kicked the bucket so as to serve their nation were conceived before World War II. What's more, even the Russian Space Program was vital to what the space program is today. It powered rivalry, and gave more assets to American architects. Until Apollo 11, they were in front of the Americans in nearly everyway, with their dispatch of Sputnik, an unmanned satellite in 1957, and their incalculable firsts in circling and space strolls. Yuri Gagarin was the primary man in space. Albeit a large portion of the missions that have been propelled have been significant in their own particular manners, a few missions simply stick out, regardless of whether it was the initial step on the Moon, or the primary crucial Mars. NASA's first prominent program was Project Mercury, a push to learn if people could make due in space. It was the introduction to the later missions, and it gave NASA the essential information to construct better, and increasingly agreeable boats for people to remain in space for broadened timeframes. The principal dispatch of the Mercury program was the LJ-1 on August 21, 1959. At thirty-five minutes before dispatch, clearing of the territory had been continuing on time. Out of nowhere, thirty minutes before dispatch time, an unstable glimmer happened. At the point when the smoke cleared it was obvious that solitary the case and-tower blend had been propelled, on a direction like an off-the-cushion prematurely end (http://www.ksc.nasa.gov, Mercury : LJ-1). The main somewhat effective shuttle dispatch happened September 9, 1959. In spite of the fact that the BJ-1 boat encountered a few issues, and the planning on a portion of the partition methodology was off, the container made it back to earth approximately seven hours after lift-off. The container circled the earth for roughly thirteen minutes (Mercury: BJ-1). Mercury crucial 5 was the first to convey live living beings into sub-circle. In spite of the fact that Enos - a chimpanzee, was not an ideal substitute for a human, he filled in as a decent test for the ecological controls of the container. He circled the earth in all out weightlessness for more than three hours and after landing was in flawless state of being (Mercury: MA-5). On May 5, 1961, Freedom 7 was the primary dispatch to convey people into space. Alan B. Shepard, Jr. was the main crewmember, and the fruitful strategic for more than 15 minutes (Mercury: MR-3). Increasingly kept an eye on departures from the M ercury arrangement followed, featured by the Friendship 7, where on February 20, 1962, John Glenn was the principal American in real circle, and he circled the earth multiple times for a little under five hours (Mercury: MA-6). The last strategic the Mercury venture went ahead May 15,

Why Expertise Should Be Your Priority in Creating Online Content

Why Expertise Should Be Your Priority in Creating Online Content Whether you are marketing a business, a brand, a website or yourself, creating and providing online content across several forms of media comes with its own slippery slopes. It doesnt take much to realize the inherent problems that are part of such public and easy publishing. In fact, all one has to do is consider the scandals of celebrity Twitter account holders to see the extent of damage that can come of providing the wrong content; and the professional consequences of posting content that is awkward, misinterpreted or otherwise harmful to ones reputation.For this reason, particularly if you are building your personal brand, using expertise as a guide for online content publishing is essential if you want to do it the right way and be successful at it. If you are publishing online content for the sake of building a business or attracting website traffic, providing meaningful content not only gives your website legitimacyâ€"it also helps potential clients or customers know that you do a good job at providing the services you sell. This type of reputation-building behavior is important and stands in contrast to the aforementioned celebrity Twitterers, who undermined their professional reputation with online content instead of building it.What is content marketing?Content marketing is the term used for published content that provides information to an audience, particularly an audience made up of potential clients or customers. When you create content marketing, your goal should be to provide value to your audienceâ€"either through giving them useful information relevant to your line of work or assisting them by answering questions they might have. In answering questions, you are showing yourself to be an expert, and your audience will consider that online content to be an extension or picture of the quality of the services or products you provide. In other words: its a good thing to answer questions and provide meaningful expertise in your specific areaâ€"but only if those answers and bits of expertise are correct, so fact checking is important!Providing expertise or answering questions builds value for your site, your company and your personal brand. Value is, in many ways, a perception, so it is essential that the perception of value online audiences glean from your content is positive. When your readers see it as useless information, or information that has just been reworded and rehashed from other sources available online (that may or may not be correct), your content will quickly lose value. The result of that is your online presence loses value, as well.So what about readability and watering down content?One of the worst things you can do in providing online content is attempting to make it readable for everyone. In doing so, you end up watering down the content, or making it less than what it could be for the sake of attracting what is hoped to be a mass audience. While the intention is a good one, it can end up destroying your c ontents perceived value, since those who are seeking detailed expertise will be unable to find it in your content. If you provide advice that is readily found anywhere on the internet, your potential audience and potential customers are likely to move their business elsewhere, since there is nothing separating your company or services from hundreds of others that are available.Your experience speaks volumesSo how do you avoid providing content that looks like everyone elses? Simple. Use your experiences as a springboard for showing your expertise. Many businesses hire copywriters to rehash already-published content just to provide keyword-rich content, but few insist on providing the source information. Why is this? Much of it has to do with not being involved enough in the content being published. Without this involvement, the content provided on a website is only as good as the copywriters knowledge base and source material. It does not reflect the expertise of the person or compa ny attempting to build its image and brand through the content, and could end up backfiring when unchecked or incorrect information gets posted. The way to avoid this is absolute involvement in the content you are publishing under your name or under the name of your business. You wouldnt allow a stranger to write your personal mail and memos; dont let a stranger write your online content unless you are highly involved in the process and can provide source material for the writer.Heres an example: An attorney who wishes to grow her clientele hires a copywriter to create informative content regarding her subject area of practice on her websites blog. Since she practices in the area of Will and Estate Law, she tells the copywriter to write content that focuses on the different terminology and what it means. She notices after a while that her website is not drawing nearly as much traffic as shed hoped.What should she do differently?First, she should realize that content that simply defi nes terms is content that is available online in copious amounts. A search for definition or a general description is likely to pull up hundreds of websites before it pulls up hers, so its value is slight, if there is any value to it at all.Second, she should reframe her content to provide examples of her work with each of these types of cases or legal arrangements. She could include a quick definition within her description for simple SEO keyword purposes, but the bulk of the content should be focused on unique experience and expertise in the fieldâ€"hers.Finally, she should welcome questions from her websites visitors, and post the answers to those questions as part of the content she provides. This not only solidifies her as an expert in the businessâ€"it also fills the website with useful, relevant content that makes visitors feel like their time reading her website and blog has not been wasted. A potential client looking for an attorney in Will and Estate Law will see this part icular attorney as someone who knows what she is talking about and is willing to go that extra mile to help her clients and answer their questions. They will see her as such because of the content she provided.

Biography of Angelina Grimké, American Abolitionist

Angelina Grimkà © (February 21, 1805–October 26, 1879) was a southern woman from a slaveholding family who, along with her sister, Sarah, became an advocate of abolitionism. The sisters late became advocates of womens rights after their anti-slavery efforts were criticized because their outspokenness violated traditional gender roles. With her sister and her husband Theodore Weld, Angelina Grimkà © wrote American Slavery As It Is, a major abolitionist text. Fast Facts: Angelina Grimkà © Known For: Grimkà © was an influential abolitionist and womens rights advocate.Born: February 20, 1805 in Charleston, South CarolinaParents: John Faucheraud Grimkà ©Ã‚  and Mary SmithDied: October 26, 1879 in Boston, MassachusettsSpouse: Theodore Weld (m. 1838-1879)Children: Theodore, Sarah Early Life Angelina Emily Grimkà © was born on February 20, 1805, in Charleston, South Carolina. She was the 14th child of Mary Smith Grimkà © and John Faucheraud Grimkà ©. Mary Smiths wealthy family included two governors during colonial times. John Grimkà ©, who was descended from German and Huguenot settlers, had been a Continental Army captain during the Revolutionary War. He served in the state House of Representatives and was the states chief justice. The family spent their summers in Charleston and the rest of the year on the Beaufort plantation. The Grimkà © plantation produced rice until the invention of the cotton gin made cotton more profitable. The family owned many slaves, including field hands and household servants. Angelina, like her sister Sarah, was offended by slavery from an early age. She fainted one day at the seminary when she saw a slave boy her own age opening a window and noticed that he could barely walk and was covered on his legs and back with bleeding wounds from a whipping. Sarah tried to console and comfort her, but Angelina was shaken by the experience. At age 13, Angelina refused confirmation in the Anglican church of her family because of the churchs support for slavery. When Angelina was 13, her sister Sarah accompanied their father to Philadelphia and then to New Jersey for his health. Their father died there, and Sarah returned to Philadelphia and joined the Quakers, drawn by their anti-slavery stance and their inclusion of women in leadership roles. Sarah briefly returned home to South Carolina before moving to Philadelphia. It fell on Angelina, in Sarahs absence and after her fathers death, to manage the plantation and care for her mother. Angelina tried to persuade her mother to set at least the household slaves free, but her mother refused. In 1827, Sarah returned for a longer visit. Angelina decided she would become a Quaker, remain in Charleston, and persuade her fellow southerners to oppose slavery. In Philadelphia Within two years, Angelina gave up hope of having any impact while remaining at home. She moved to join her sister in Philadelphia, and she and Sarah set out to educate themselves. Angelina was accepted at Catherine Beechers school for girls, but their Quaker meeting refused to give permission for her to attend. The Quakers also discouraged Sarah from becoming a preacher. Angelina became engaged, but her fiance died in an epidemic. Sarah also received an offer of marriage but refused it, thinking she might lose the freedom she valued. They received word about that time that their brother Thomas had died. He had been a hero to the sisters, for he was involved in emancipating slaves by sending volunteers back to Africa. Abolitionism The sisters turned to the growing abolitionist movement. Angelina joined the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, which was associated with the American Anti-Slavery Society, founded in 1833. On August 30, 1835, Angelina Grimkà © wrote a letter to William Lloyd Garrison, a leader of the American Anti-Slavery Society and the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. Angelina mentioned in the letter her first-hand knowledge of slavery. To Angelinas shock, Garrison printed her letter in his newspaper. The letter was reprinted widely and Angelina found herself famous and at the center of the anti-slavery world. The letter became part of a widely-read anti-slavery pamphlet. The Quakers of Philadelphia did not approve of Angelinas anti-slavery involvement, however, nor of Sarahs less radical involvement. At the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Quakers, Sarah was silenced by a male Quaker leader. The sisters decided to move to Providence, Rhode Island, in 1836, where the Quakers were more supportive of abolitionism. In Rhode Island, Angelina published a tract, Appeal to the Christian Women of the South. She argued that women could and should end slavery through their influence. Her sister Sarah wrote An Epistle to the Clergy of the Southern States. In that essay, Sarah confronted Biblical arguments typically used by the clergy to justify slavery. Sarah followed that with another pamphlet, An Address to Free Colored Americans. While these were published by two southerners and addressed to southerners, they were reprinted widely in New England. In South Carolina, the tracts were publicly burned. Speaking Career Angelina and Sarah received many invitations to speak, first at anti-slavery conventions and then at other venues in the north. Fellow abolitionist Theodore Weld helped train the sisters to improve their speaking skills. The sisters toured, speaking in 67 cities in 23 weeks. At first, they spoke to all-woman audiences, but then men began to attend the lectures as well. A woman speaking to a mixed audience was considered scandalous. The criticism helped them understand that social limitations on women were part of the same system that upheld slavery. It was arranged for Sarah to speak to the Massachusetts legislature on slavery. Sarah became ill and Angelina filled in for her. Angelina was thus the first woman to speak to a United States legislative body. After returning to Providence, the sisters still traveled and spoke but also wrote, this time appealing to their northern audience. Angelina wrote an Appeal to the Women of the Nominally Free States in 1837, while Sarah wrote an Address to the Free Colored People of the United States. They spoke at the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women. Catherine Beecher publicly criticized the sisters for not keeping to the proper feminine sphere, i.e. the private, domestic sphere. Angelina responded with Letters to Catherine Beecher, arguing for full political rights for women—including the right to hold public office. Marriage Angelina married fellow abolitionist Theodore Weld in 1838, the same young man who had helped prepare the sisters for their speaking tour. The marriage ceremony included friends and fellow activists both white and black. Six former slaves of the Grimkà © family attended. Weld was a Presbyterian; the ceremony was not a Quaker one. Garrison read the vows and Theodore renounced all legal power that laws at the time gave him over Angelinas property. They left obey out of the vows. Because the wedding was not a Quaker wedding and her husband was not a Quaker, Angelina was expelled from the Quaker meeting. Sarah was also expelled for attending the wedding. Angelina and Theodore moved onto a farm in New Jersey and Sarah moved in with them. Angelinas first child was born in 1839; two more and a miscarriage followed. The family focused their lives around raising the three Weld children and on demonstrating that they could manage a household without slaves. They took in boarders and opened a school. Friends, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her husband, visited them at the farm. Angelinas health, however, began to decline. American Slavery As It Is In 1839, the Grimkà © sisters published American Slavery As It Is: Testimony From a Thousand Witnesses. The book was later used as a source by Harriet Beecher Stowe for her 1852 book Uncle Toms Cabin. The sisters kept up their correspondence with other anti-slavery and pro womens rights activists. One of their letters was to the 1852 womens rights convention in Syracuse, New York. In 1854, Angelina, Theodore, Sarah, and the children moved to Perth Amboy, New Jersey, operating a school there until 1862. All three supported the Union in the Civil War, seeing it as a path to end slavery. Theodore Weld traveled and lectured occasionally. The sisters published An Appeal to the Women of the Republic, calling for a pro-Union womens convention. When it was held, Angelina was among the speakers. The sisters and Theodore moved to Boston and became active in the womens rights movement after the Civil War. All three served as officers of the Massachusetts Womens Suffrage Association. On March 7, 1870, as part of a protest involving 42 other women, Angelina and Sarah illegally voted. Death Sarah died in Boston in 1873. Angelina suffered several strokes shortly after Sarahs death and became paralyzed. She died in Boston in 1879. Legacy Grimkà ©s activism had a profound effect on the abolitionist and womens rights movements. In 1998, she was posthumously inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame. Sources Browne, Stephen H.  Angelina Grimke Rhetoric, Identity, and the Radical Imagination. Michigan State University Press, 2012.Grimkà ©, Sarah Moore, et al.  On Slavery and Abolitionism: Essays and Letters. Penguin Books, 2014.

The Dharma of Mahayana Buddhism Essay - 1073 Words

Advanced technology and luxurious items seem bring humans into a â€Å"Modern World.† However, it seems these 21st Century technologies and items have brought more dissatisfaction, the duhkha. Death, blood and war, these words appear in the newspaper almost everyday. Despite those external dissatisfactions, internally human kind becomes more selfish and lonely. As a matter of fact, a hypochondria is becoming so popular that one in seven adults is facing it. In our society today, Buddhism, especially Mahayana Buddhism, becomes a cure to the duhkha that we are facing today. The Dharma of Mahayana Buddhism becomes very helpful to resolve many, even all the problems humans are facing today. Mahayana Buddhism believes in the Path of Bodhisattva,†¦show more content†¦In context of Mahayana Buddhism, emptiness doesn’t mean that the existence of everything is nothingness. What emptiness really means is that the existence of things are dependently arising from the empty of own beings. â€Å"A flower that always needs sunlight, water, soil, nutrients and so on to live. † What this means is that sunlight and those factors caused a flower to exist, but a flower will eventually dies. Since the flower will eventually die and the factors like water that fed the flower will disappear as well, in the end nothing left. Thus, flowers are emptiness, factors are emptiness, emptiness creates emptiness and in the end there is only emptiness left. There are really two important point here, one is that everything is emptiness and everything will change with â€Å"empty of own beings.† Another one is that people has to see through the emptiness and find the such ness of things. An analogy may be help to explain the point. Money always brings up conflicts between people or countries and result of the conflicts are rather unpleasant. In recent years, robbery becomes outrageous and if people understand even a tiny bit about the dharma of Mahayana Buddhism, especially about the concept of emptiness, many of the robbery could be avoided. Money is very valuable, but it is still empty. The reason that money is valuable is because such value isShow MoreRelatedEssay Mahayana Buddhism1396 Words   |  6 Pages History proves that as Buddhism spread throughout the Asian world in the early 1st century, it was occasionally altered to fit the specific needs and beliefs of people it touched. Mahayana Buddhism is one such example of this gradual evolution. It was primarily a movement started and kept alive by monks that slowly gained popularity amongst lay people but was in no way a unified movement. 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References for Motivation Free Essays

Allen, R. S. ; White, C. We will write a custom essay sample on References for Motivation or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. (2002). Equity sensitivity theory: A test of responses to two types of under-reward situations: JMI JMI. Journal of Managerial Issues. 14 (4), 435-451. Buchanan, D. A. ; Huczynski, A. A. (2010). Organizational Behaviour. 7th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. 819. Fadil, P. A. ; Williams, R. J. ; Limpaphayom, W. ; Smatt, C. (2005). Equity or Equality? A Conceptual Examination of the Influence of Individualism/Collectivism on the Cross-Cultural Application of Equity Theory. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal. 12 (4), 17-35. Gambrel, P. A; Cianci, R. (2003). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Does It Apply In A Collectivist Culture. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship. 8 (2), 143-161. Huseman, R. C. ; Hatfield, J. D. ; Miles, E. W. (1987). A New Perspective on Equity Theory: The Equity Sensitivity Construct. The Academy of Management Review. 12 (2), 222-234. Robbins, S. P. ; Judge, T. A. ; Campbell, T. T. (2010). Organizational Behaviour. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. 589. Sadri, G. ; Bowen, R. Clarke. (2011). Meeting EMPLOYEE requirements: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is still a reliable guide to motivating staff. Industrial Engineer: IE. 3 (10), 44-48. Sheldrake, J. (2003). Management Theory. 2nd ed. Derby: Thomson Learning. 257. Shore, T. H. (2004). Equity sensitivity theory: do we all want more than we deserve?. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 19 (7), 722-728. Steers, R. M. ; Mowday, R. T. ; Shapiro, D. L.. (2004). Introduction to Special Topic Forum: The Future of Work Motivation Theory. The Academy of M anagement Review. 29 (3), 379-387. Wahba, M. A. ; Bridwell, L. G.. (1976). Maslow Reconsidered: A Review of Research on the Need Hierarchy Theory. Organizational behaviour and human performance. 15 (1), 212-240. How to cite References for Motivation, Papers

To What Extent Can Humans Be Considered Distinct from Other Animals free essay sample

To what extent can humans be considered distinct from other animals? What makes humans differ to other animals? Are humans in fact different at all? And if they are what makes them different? There are many different perspectives and viewpoints in research in psychology that helps distinguish whether humans are in fact distinct from other animals. At initial glance it would be argued that there is a distinct difference in the use of language and its interpreted meaning between one human and another this as well as differences in sexual reproduction relationships humans have in comparison to other animals. These two areas will be explored in more detail to show the distinctiveness humans have. Humans use language everyday to communicate with each other, express how they’re feeling, what their thoughts are and also how they are making sense. Cooper Kaye (2007) stated that language is in fact one of the most important aspects of being human and arguably our most distinctive and interesting characteristic as a species. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Can Humans Be Considered Distinct from Other Animals? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, this doesn’t mean that communication between other animals doesn’t happen but what is it about human language that is clearly distinct from just communication? Harley (1995 as cited in Cooper Kaye, 2007 pg. 76-77) described human language as ‘associating a finite number of words with particular meanings or concepts, and using finite number of rules to combine those words into a potentially infinite number of sentences’. Aitchison (1983 as cited in Cooper Kaye, 2007) considered four main criteria of language design features unique to human language. These were ‘semanticity’ which is how a word reflects aspects of the world. Secondly ‘displacement’ which is the ability to refer to events and items that are not currently perceived. Structure dependence’ which refers to that language is characterised by a series of symbols that don’t look like the given object. Lastly, the fourth main unique criterion is ‘creativity’ allowing flexibility in human communication, each sentence produced can convey a different meaning (Cooper Kaye, 2007). However, Seyfarth et al. (1980 as cited in Cooper Kaye, 2007) reported that vervet monkeys, who live in social groups, give different alarm calls for different predators to warn the others in the group. For example a particular call from an adult monkey who had spotted an eagle caused the others to look up. This would therefore offer evidence of a semantic response as the monkeys respond to particular signs. But it cannot be definitely inferred that they actually know what the call means and that it could in fact be stimulus-response learning. Further evidence does suggest that animals do not simply learn stimulus-response relationships though but actually form internal representations conflicting with what Aitchison (1983 s cited in Cooper Kaye, 2007) inferred within the four criteria of language design features that were unique to humans. Further studies by Gardner Gardner (1969), Premack (1971) and Terrace (1979) have looked to see whether apes can be taught human language using sign language and artificial languages that involve manipulating plastic tokens (as cited in Cooper Kaye, 2007). Most have been successful in enabling communication between the ape and the trainer but problems interpreting the results have been shown. In the case of Kanzi, the pygmy chimpanzee, he displayed obvious learning in his ability to respond appropriately to verbal commands (Cooper Kaye, 2007) but similar to the vervet monkeys this could potentailly be due to a learned stimulus-response. However, Kanzi’s behaviour demonstrated his ability to form specific representations in response to the words he hears like when asked to retrieve something specific he will ignore similar visible objects and retrieve the particular one asked for (Cooper Kaye, 2007). Savage-Rumbaugh (as cited in Cooper Kaye, 2007) argued that in fact Kanzi was demonstrating behaviour similar to that of a 2 ? year old human in terms of their linguistic competence and understanding. This was argued against by others as children’s vocabulary develops into adult speech and no studies of apes have shown this progression in language concluding that language is therefore a distinct and unique characteristic of humans in comparison to other animals (Pinker, 1994 as cited in Cooper Kaye, 2007). Evolutionary psychology has looked to explain sex differences and has looked at both humans and animals to do so focusing particularly on the processes involved in sexual selection (Hollway, Cooper, Johnston Stevens, 2007). Both humans and animals are similar in that they both don’t consciously and deliberately use strategies to achieve a particular type in order to maximise their reproductive success (Hollway et al. 2007) but that the behaviour used successfully will have been selected for by evolutionary pressures precisely because of the reproductive advantage that it conferred. Within human evolution the full development of the brain, which is much larger than that of other animals, could only take place after birth. This and the need for sophisticated socialisation that the development of language and culture made necessary, meant a longer period of dependency for human infants than for those in primates (Hollway et al. 2007 p. 145). Another distinct difference in humans and animals is that of human sexual behaviour. Female humans have no obvious signs of ovulation and can mate with males at any time during the menstrual cycle unlike other animals. This encourages male and female relationships, where mating can happen at a whim, displaying signs of love and affection towards each other and not just that of reproduction. In animals, there are signs when the female is fertile, Rose Rose (2000 as cited in Hollway et al. , 2007) pointed out that forced sex within animals is only with these fertile females for reproduction purposes solely, this is unlike male and female reproduction in humans. Hollway et al. (2007) advise that within human sexual reproduction and relationships males have become particularly sensitive to female sexual infidelity as there is a greater paternal investment made. Females can be sure the child is theirs but male paternity can’t. Similarities found in humans and animals have been shown in studies of sex differences and the brain. There is a recognition that women and men behave differently and that this is due to differences in the parts of the brain that are involved in processing different tasks in which men or women excel (Hollway et al. , 2007). By studying male and female rats and their different sexual behaviours it was shown that the behaviours were dependent on the balance of hormones (Young, 1964; Beach 1938 as cited in Hollway et al. , 2007 p. 138). Fitch Denenberg (1998 as cited in Hollway et al. 2007) later found that there was a difference in brain structure that correlated with a difference in sexual behaviour in the rats. Although this experimental study cannot be conducted to humans due to ethical reasons biologists have conducted comparable examinations on human brain areas to investigate whether this is the case in humans. It was concluded however that these studies suggest it is much harder to consistently describe the difference in hormonal balance in humans that it is in animals (Hollway et al. , 2007). As you can see from above there is evidence to suggest that humans are in fact distinct from other animals in the areas of the use and meaning of language and that of sex differences and sexual behaviour. There are also similarities than have been found but seems that these cannot be conclusive due to the complexities of not just human behaviour but also that of animals. However, humans display a form of communication between each other that infers a higher level than those displayed by other animals which seems to be for survival purposes. Of course humans have a survival instinct as well but the thought processes and emotional responses that are demonstrated amongst one another and the recall of past events to plan future goals is distinctly different to that demonstrated by any other animal.

The Significance of the Research Proposal Research Paper Example

The Significance of the Research Proposal Research Paper Example The Significance of the Research Proposal Paper The Significance of the Research Proposal Paper If you have never written a research proposal before, you may wonder why it is an important and necessary part of your academic career. A research proposal is a document written by the student that provides an in-depth description and analysis of a proposed program. Its main purpose is to outline the entire research process that gives the professor a summary of the information discussed in a project. Typical proposals also include an extensive but focused literature review. A research proposal is your first chance to present your thesis or dissertation ideas in written form to your professors and committee members. This allows you to demonstrate and show to them that you have conceptualized your research around a set of clearly defined research questions about a particular topic. After your professors and university committee members review your proposal, they will further advise you about how you should continue your research. If you submit a well-written, detailed and sophisticated proposal, you will have little trouble incorporating the advice and comments of your professors into your future research. Why is such a proposal important? Simply put, they can be written for various reasons, such as requesting a budget for the research they describe, certification requirements for research (in case experimentation on living creatures needs to be done), as a task in an education environment (before performing research for a thesis), or as a condition for employment at a research institution. In short, your research proposal has to be accepted. A lot is on the line when you are forced to write such an assignment. But more often than not, these tasks, although important, are very time consuming and often lead to illness such as depression, anxiety and stress. It is no surprise either. Creating a successful proposal is no simple task. It means spending more time preparing and planning. In addition, you have to spend time organizing your planning and research, writing and formalizing your proposal, submitting the document to the funder and doing follow-ups. Some proposal documents are 5 pages in length while others can exceed even 40 pages. Such a daunting task can shake even the most skilled writers. The amount of time that needs to be invested is alarming and in most cases impossible. Universities have unfairly made research proposals into a competition of sorts where only the best will be accepted and funded. This raises many problems, especially for the bright students with ingenious minds, but lack of time or lack of proper grasp on the English language. Some students may have the skills required, but they may poorly execute it because of a lack of experience in general writing. It is in situations like these where students should turn to the professionals for help, and there is no better set of professionals than at Paperap.com. Paperap.com is a company with only one goal in mind, making sure you succeed. We offer the services of the best writers available. Our team carefully hand picks each writer for every task to ensure the assignment you need is of maximum quality. Students who wish to submit a high quality, professional styled research proposal can work with us to ensure their proposal gets accepted. We will put you in contact with your specific writer so you can work with him or her step by step to direct, organize and head the assignment yourself and ensure everything goes as planned. With our help, students and scholars alike will no longer have to worry about grammar, time or style of writing, as all such tasks will be handled by us in an absolute perfect manner. We guarantee our work will be 100% genuine, plagiarized free and will be delivered on time to ensure you meet your deadline. When your proposal needs to be accepted, Paperap.com is the company that ensures it does. Every single research proposal is unique and should be written with specific approach depending on assignments particular instructions. Our research proposal writing company has reach experience in all academic levels of writing. We know what you need and we deliver it to you!

4 Key Facts about MLA Referencing - Proofread My Paper

4 Key Facts about MLA Referencing - Proofread My Paper 4 Key Facts about MLA Referencing It’s easy to get bogged down in detail with referencing. But having a good overall sense of the system you’re using is important. As such, today we’re looking at MLA referencing in overview, which should give you an idea of how to use MLA citations effectively. 1. What is MLA Referencing? MLA referencing is a citation format developed by the Modern Language Association (MLA). Since the MLA is an association for scholars of language and literature, MLA referencing is most commonly used in the liberal arts and humanities. 2. When Do I Need to Cite a Source in MLA? Many worry about not having â€Å"enough† citations in their work, but it’s more important to know when a citation is required. MLA specifies citing a source when: Quoting a source directly to support your own arguments Using data or other content published elsewhere Paraphrasing someone else’s ideas in your own words However, it isn’t necessary to give a citation when referring to something that is common knowledge, such as â€Å"snow is cold† or â€Å"people in France speak French.† French snow is cold, too. (Photo: Yann Caradec/flickr) 3. Citation Format The general citation format in MLA requires giving the author’s surname and page numbers (if available) in parentheses after the relevant passage: Freedom creates â€Å"obstacles from which we suffer† (Sartre 495). If the author is named in the text, simply give the page numbers instead: According to Sartre, freedom also creates â€Å"obstacles† (495). This format differs slightly when citing multiple works by the same author. When this occurs, you should also give a shortened version of the source title in the citation instead to avoid confusion: Sartre says that freedom creates â€Å"obstacles† and that this is part of existentialism (Being and Nothingness 495). We also use the title in citations when a source has no named author. 4. The Page MLA requires all cited sources to be listed on a â€Å"† page at the end of your document. This list should: Begin on a new page at the end of your paper Order sources alphabetically by author name, surname first List multiple works by the same author alphabetically by title, using three hyphens () in place of the author’s name for each entry after the first Capitalize each of the main words in titles, but not articles, prepositions or conjunctions unless they’re the first word of a title or subtitle Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books and films) and use quotation marks for shorter works (e.g., journal articles and poems) Use a half-inch hanging indent for each line after the first for each reference The information to include in the list for any given source depends to some extent on its format. However, it will almost always feature the author’s name, a title, and publication details. For instance, the book used in the examples above would appear as: Sartre, Paul. Being and Nothingness. Translated by Hazel E. Barnes. Routledge, 1969. Its possible that nobody has ever looked more like a French philosopher than Sartre does here.

Statement of purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Statement of purpose - Essay Example Since then I have been interested in the field of business. I take pleasure in gaining knowledge of every aspect of the business world and I am highly eager to learn more and become an expert in the field of business and management. I believe that after completion of a graduation, the certification of post-graduation is essential as it prepares individuals towards achieving their goals in the ever-changing business environment1. During the tenure of my working in the company, I had participated in several presentations based on business related topics. Also my work involved marketing, coordination and booking activities. I also try to update my knowledge by reading business magazines and newspapers to have the knowledge on the current affairs in the business world. I truly enjoy leading and managing teams, a reason why I feel I would perform well in an organization if I am given a chance to lead others in the team. Back in my country, there is a huge competition among males and females for better job and education. My father had always supported me to pursue my career. The course of MBA would provide me with greater opportunities and exposure in the corporate world, and get to meet other managers and different customers, a work life that would make me strong and independent. I believe that the course of Master’s degree from an University abroad to my nation would not only help me to prepare myself further for my career but would also make me capable of managing work and life together being an independent woman having a strong personality which is the manner I always wanted to carry myself. Staying abroad and learning more on the field of business would make me eligible to be successful in my career and life and make my parents proud of me and make me feel special in my country. To end my statement of purpose I would like to present my wish to get certified for the post-graduation course in business and management from the College of Business

A Clinical Trails Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Clinical Trails - Research Paper Example Research specialists enroll volunteers or patients into pilot studies to conduct specified tests depending on the product type and development stage (Yang, 2010). Clinical trials vary in intensity. They can be performed in a single country or multiple countries. They are expensive to carry out. The burden of payment gets usually bestowed on the sponsor of the research. Sponsors may include government agency or health organizations (Yang, 2010). The objectives of clinical trial are to test how well medicine will work on patients. For every clinical trial, there exists a guideline of how to carry out the trial (Yang, 2010). The plan discusses what is to be done, how it will be done, and the importance of all aspect in the study. This includes the importance the general study. There are rules guiding on how to choose the participants in the study. The main factor in choosing the participants is volunteering when a person has sufficient knowledge (Pocock, 2004). They volunteer’s health status will be determined by the study since some may need healthy individuals and others may need individuals with certain diseases (Pocock, 2004). In other instances, gender is used to determine a viable volunteer. There are independent committees set to determine the procedures and monitor the whole exercise. These committees are made up of physicians, statisticians, and members of the community. The committee emphasizes the need to educate all the subjects liable to tests so that they can know the effects of every aspect of the trials (Pocock, 2004). In so doing, the subjects will be well aware of the risks involved such that volunteering shall be out of free will. Since the tests are conducted to human subjects, they are eligible to many legal aspects (Pocock, 2004). They are carried out in four phases. Because the life of an individual may be at risk during the trials, the law provides strict guidelines that facilitate a safe environment

The Environmental Effects Of Human Waste Disposal Environmental Sciences Essay

The Environmental Effects Of Human Waste Disposal Environmental Sciences Essay Human activities create waste, and it is the way these wastes are handled, stored, collected and disposed of, which can pose risks to the environment and to public health. The growing volume of solid wastes generated in Mauritius is having major implications on the state of our environment. It is estimated that the amount of solid waste generated is about 1200 tonnes per day. Each Mauritian generates around 1 kg of solid waste daily. The composition of waste varied from summer to winter according to (Mohee Romeela). Household products used in our everyday life in the kitchen, living room, bathroom, and garage can cause harm to our health and to the environment during their use or after their disposal. After the usage of these materials, they ends up in the bins as wastes. These hazardous chemicals are available at any retail point or supermarkets. The landfill at Mare Chicose is the only site, which takes in all forms of wastes collected over the whole country, and evidence suggests that it is almost filled to choking point. The environmental degradation caused by inadequate disposal of waste can be expressed by the contamination of surface and ground water through leachate, soil contamination through direct waste contact or leachate, air pollu tion by burning of wastes, spreading of diseases by different vectors like birds, insects and rodents, or uncontrolled release of methane by anaerobic decomposition of waste. Our country, being committed to ecofreindly global initiative, has to devise the right strategies to keep a proper balance between economic growth and environment control, hence the need for information to consumers. Literature Review Approximately 163 million tonnes of municipal solid wastes are generated every year in the European Union (1997 basis, CEC 1999)( CEC (1967) Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. Official Journal L 196, 16/08/1967). The quantities of hazardous wastes arising from households (HHW) represents only a very small percentage of the overall municipal waste stream, estimated to amount to 1% (by weight) of the total quantity of waste generated per household (Poll and Pendle, 1993). However, there are differences per country reported in quantities arising of HouseHoldWaste(HHW) per capita due to different consumption patterns but also to different definitions applied to HHW as mentioned above. The total quantities of HHW arising in the fifteen Member States have been estimated to amount to about 1.5 million tpa(tonne per annum). The growing concern of waste generated per capita keep on increasing day by day and as Mauritius is a small island we have to take into account the disposal of the wastes generated. There were 372, 434 tons of solid waste land filled at the only sanitary landfill of the country in 2003. (http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/menvsite) It is estimated that the amount of solid waste generated is about 1200 tonnes per day. Each Mauritian generates around 1 kg of solid waste daily. Domestic waste in Mauritius consists of 60 % 70 % of biodegradable waste. (http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev) Sources of Solid Waste Generation Solid Waste Management Effective household hazardous waste management cannot be achieved without consumer awareness. To be effective the education must be comprehensive and widespread. If household hazardous waste education is limited to information about collection programs, then consumers will think the HHW problem is solved by collections. Collections minimize part of the problem but also exacerbate other problems associated with hazardous materials disposal. A good education program leads consumers to accept responsibility for products they choose to buy, and to understand the health and environmental impacts of product use, storage and disposal. Education on household hazardous products and waste can be linked to other community efforts addressing indoor air quality, poison prevention, health, fire safety, non-point source pollution, and recycling. There are several key points that an education program should cover and resources to assist in developing these educational components. Hazardous product identification-Consumers should be able to recognize hazardous products and identify the main hazards associated with use, storage and disposal. Health and environmental effects-Consumers should learn to identify the risks involved with choosing products and materials that generate hazardous waste. Safer alternatives and least toxic products-Consumers need to know alternatives to resolve the issues identified. Safe handling-Not all hazards can be avoided. Techniques to safely handle hazardous wastes provide consumers with information to protect themselves. Waste management options-Consumers need to know that the disposal available at HHW collections represents least desirable alternative for waste management, while prevention represents the most favorable option. HOUSEHOLD WASTE Waste is a material that no longer serves a purpose and so is thrown away. In some cases what one person discards may be re-used by somebody else. All wasters is particularly hazardous: If not carefully disposed of, it will have an impact on the environment, whether it be unsightly litter in urban streets or contaminated air, soil or water. But what is equally important about waste is that it is recyclable. For example, if all human, animal and solid wastes are recycle back to soil, then we do not need inorganic fertilizers to maintain the high yields of crops. Today India produces 180 million tonnes of food grains and consumer 13 million tonnes of inorganic fertilizers at a huge cost. Therefore, time has come when we have to look at the waste not merely as an environment polluter but a recyclable material of great potential and energy saver. In India we produce 300 to 400 gms. of solid waste per person per day in town of normal size. The figure is 500 to 800 gms. per capita per day in cities like Delhi and Bombay. The problem in these cities is how to dispose such large mass of solid waste daily and this poses a massive and expensive problem to the authorities. The composition of average domestic dustbin can be broken down as follows : 10% Glass 30% Paper/Cardboard 9% Metals 3% Textiles 4% Plastics 23% Vegetable Waste 21% Dust, Cinders, Miscellaneous Some of the waste on the other hand may also contain poisonous substances like mercurys lead and cadmium from batteries, old medicines, household cleaning and decorating chemicals and garden chemicals. Many of these chemicals are similar to these found in industrial waste, although in low concentration. The problem about waste is two fold (a) How to dispose it of (b) How to extract its recycling wealth. Disposal : The disposal system has four aspects. (a) Control of waste at source (b) Segragation of waste at source (c) Collection and transportation system (d) Final disposal. (The Directorate of Environment, S.C.O. 1-2-3, Sector 17-D, Chandigarh Tel.: 541628) Solid Waste is differentiated by their origin, physical form, detailed composition and risk potential. The quantity and the composition of some types of solid wastes, such as municipal waste, varies from day to day, season to season and from locality to locality. Types of waste Waste is any material/liquid that is thrown away as unwanted. As per physical properties, waste can be categorized as: A: Solid waste: Any waste other than human excreta, urine waste water, is called solid waste. Solid waste in rural areas generally includes-house sweeping, kitchen waste, garden waste, cattle dung waste from cattle sheds, agro waste, broken glass, metal, waste paper, plastic, cloths, rubber, waste from markets shopping areas, hotels, etc. Solid waste can also be defined as the organic and inorganic waste materials produced by households, commercial industrial establishments that have no economic value to the owner. As per biodegradability, solid waste can be classified as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Biodegradable: Waste that are completely decomposed by biological processes either in presence or in absence of air are called biodegradable. e.g. kitchen waste, animal dung, agricultural waste etc à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Non-biodegradable: Waste which cannot be decomposed by biological processes is called non-biodegradable waste. These are of two types: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Recyclable: waste having economic values but destined for disposal can be recovered and reused along with their energy value. e.g. plastic, paper, old cloth etc à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Non-recyclable: Waste which do not have economic value of recovery e.g. tetra packs, carbon paper, thermo coal etc. B: Liquid waste-Used unwanted water is called waste water à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Black Water: Waste water generated in the toilet is called Black water. It contains harmful pathogens à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Greywater: Waster water generated in the kitchen, bathroom and laundry is called Greywater. It may also contain pathogens. Classification of Solid Waste Solid Waste is classified based on their origin, treatability and risk potential. Classification based on Origin a) Food Waste: Food wastes are the animal, fruit and vegetable residues resulting from the handling, preparation and eating of foods. They are putrescible (Solid waste that contains organic matter capable of being decomposed by microorganisms and of such a character and proportion as to cause obnoxious odors and to be capable of attracting or providing food for birds or animals.) and decompose rapidly causing malodour. b) Rubbish: This comprises combustible and noncombustible solid wastes of households excluding putrescible materials. The combustible rubbish consists of materials such as paper, cardboard, furniture parts, textiles, rubber, leather, wood and garden trimmings. Non-combustible rubbish consists of items such as glass, broken crockery, plastic, discarded tins, aluminum cans and materials made of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. c) Ashes and residues: Materials remaining from the burning of wood, coal, coke and other combustible wastes in Homes and stores for the purpose of heating and cooking and above all the remains of combustible wastes are categorised as ashes and residues. Ashes and residues are normally composed of fine powdery materials, cinders, clinkers and small amounts of burned and partially burned materials. d) Demolition and construction wastes: Waste from demolished buildings and other structures are classified as demolition wastes. Wastes from the construction, remodeling and repairing of individual residences, housing complexes, etc are classified as construction wastes. The constituents of this waste are stones, concrete, bricks, plaster and plumbings. What can we recycle? Glass Bottle banks can be found in various local council regions and are divided into those accepting clear, green and brown glass. Blue wineglass can be deposited into the green bank, and clear glass with coloured coatings can be put into the clear bank as the coating will burn off. The makes on bottles and jars will be removed during the recycling process; yet eliminate as many plastic or metal rings and tops as possible. Only recycle bottles and jars- never light bulbs, sheet glass or Pyrex type dishes as these are made from a different type of glass. Paper Most local societies have recycling banks for newspapers and magazines, as this is the most plentiful type of paper in household waste. Make sure that you do not put other types of paper in, such as cardboard or junk mail, as this will pollute the load and the reprocessors will not allow it. Wrapping such as milk and juice cartons cannot be recycled as paper as they have a plastic lining which would contaminate the process. Aluminium and steel cans Many local authorities have mixed can banks accepting both aluminium and steel cans, although some have aluminium only banks as uncontaminated aluminium has a higher value. Aluminium can be recognised by the fact that it does not stick to a magnet, has a very shiny silver base and is very light in weight. Steel cans are also called tins as they contain a very thin layer of tin. Try to crush drinks cans before recycling, either with a can crusher or by squashing them underfoot. Aerosol cans made from steel or aluminium can be recycled in Save-a-can banks (check the front of the banks for guidance), but they must be empty and should not be crushed. Plastic Plastic is a difficult material to recycle as there are many different types of plastic (often indicated by a number, or letters such as PP, PET or PVC). The difference in plastic means that different reprocessing techniques are required. The different types of plastic therefore need to be collected separately, or sorted after collection, as reprocessors will specify which type of plastic they will accept. Plastic in household waste is often food packaging and therefore too contaminated to be recycled effectively. Plastic is a light, bulky part of household waste, and consequently it is difficult for councils to store and transport ample quantities of plastic to make recycling economically viable. Many councils have found it to be too expensive and do not have facilities for plastic at all, while others recycle only plastic bottles which are worth more money. If your council does recycle plastic, make sure that you are recycling the right type of plastic, and always remove the tops of plastic containers so that they can be crushed. Organic waste Organic household waste is food and garden waste. Organic waste is a problem if sent to landfill, because it is impossible to separate out from other waste once mingled, and will rot, producing methane, a greenhouse gas responsible for global warming. The best use of organic waste is to either compost it through a centralised composting scheme run by your council, or to compost it at home. Find out if your council has facilities for taking garden waste for composting, or you may be able to separate kitchen waste for a kerbside collection scheme if one exists in your area. Alternatively, build or invest in a home composter for the garden, or try a worm bin for indoor use! Check to see if your council supplies reduced cost recycling bins. Hazardous waste Household hazardous waste such as paint, solvents and garden chemicals comes under the jurisdiction of your local council. Take them to a civic amenity site if facilities exist, or contact your council. Some association also provide facilities for de-gassing fridges and for recycling fluorescent tubes. Mixed packaging Packaging is often made up of a combination of materials, such as tetra paks which can be made up of paper, plastic and metal, making recycling difficult. There is a lack of facilities and expertise for recycling mixed packaging, meaning that the materials are difficult to separate out without contamination. Packaging is a very visible form of waste, making up around one third of the average household dustbin. Packaging is often necessary to protect the product, to prolong its lifespan and to provide essential information. However, over-packaging does occur, especially for marketing purposes. Basic foods such as bread and rice are rarely over packaged, while convenience foods often have two or three layers of packaging. Try to avoid over covering where possible, and when choosing a product, pick the packaging material which is easiest for you to recycle locally. Classification based on Characteristics Based on characteristics, solid wastes can be classified as biodegradable and non-biodegradable. This classification is based on the quality of solid waste generated from different sources. The biodegradable waste consists of all carbonaceous wastes that can be biodegraded into useful or less polluting products by the action of microorganisms and such animals like Annelids and Insects. Non-bio degradable wastes include inorganic wastes, and non-degradable polymeric organics like certain type of plastics. Classification based on Risk Potential Wastes that pose a substantial danger immediately or over a period of time to human, plant or animal life are classified as hazardous wastes. A hazardous waste exhibits the characteristics like ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity or toxicity. They are classified into following categories as radioactive substances, chemicals, biological wastes containing radioactive materials, flammable wastes and explosives. The chemical category includes wastes that are corrosive, reactive or tonic. The biological waste category is represented by dangerous wastes emanating from hospitals and biological research facilities. Sources of Solid Waste(Waste from Residential areas) The wastes generated from residential areas are generally classified as domestic waste. Waste generated from residential areas varies a lot based on the socio-economic and cultural situations. In high-income residential areas where gas or electricity is used for cooking, the waste generated will be less compared to the houses using wood and charcoal as fuel. Paper, cardboard, tin and bottles are found to be more in prosperous settlements and in commercial areas. Characteristics of Solid Waste Physical characteristics The physical characteristics of solid wastes vary widely based on socio-economic, cultural and climatic conditions. The physical qualities of solid waste like bulk density, its moisture content etc., are very important and to be considered for the selection of disposal, recycling and other processing methods. Chemical characteristics Information on the chemical composition of solid wastes is important in evaluating processing and recovery options. In addition, the analysis helps in adopting and utilising proper equipment and techniques for collection and transportation. The chemical characteristics like pH, chemical constituents like carbon content, N, P, K micronutrients etc are to be analysed for the selection of proper waste management technology. But this cannot be readily and accurately measured nor can they be standardised due to its wide range in composition. Each and every category of waste varies with locations and local conditions. However the percentage of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and non-combustibles are determined. Higher organic content of Carbon in refuse activates the process of putrefaction. Thus both physical and chemical characteristics of the solid waste determine the selection of the final method of waste disposal. 1.4 Environmental and health problems associated with solid waste mismanagement A variety of environmental hazards are associated with the mishandling or mismanagement of refuse. The solid waste which is not properly stored, collected, transported and disposed off will lead to short-term as well as long term health risks. In the long term, there may be dangers arising from waste dumps particularly from it to the pollution of our drinking water sources. Fly breeding will be encouraged by uncovered piles of rotting refuse and the flies may play a role in the mechanical transmission of faecal-oral diseases. Piles of refuse will also contain mosquito-breeding sites where pools of rain water form in discarded cans, tyres etc. The mosquito Aedes aegypti will survive in these conditions and may transmit dengue, yellow fever, and other arboviral infections. Rats will also based and live in and around refuse. The main source of food for rats and other small rodents is refuse, and in dump yards they quickly proliferate and spread to neighbouring houses. They may promote and transmit a variety of diseases, including plague, leptospirosis, rat bite fever etc. Piles of refuse present a fire risk. Flammable waste materials when dumped together at dump yards are a great danger at source. Hot ashes added to the dumped wastes are also a reason for the fire at dump yards. Usually the fire starts with the practice of open burning of refuse. Sometimes this becomes uncontrollable. When the open dumps are fired, toxic gases will be released to the atmosphere. The dump yards may contain rubber tires, PVC, plastic materials etc and while they burn toxic gases like dioxin, furan etc., are released into the atmosphere, which are deadly poisonous. An additional danger that occurs due to fire at dump yards is that large quantities of water will be used for stopping the fire which may result in leaching of toxic materials to ground water. Badly managed refuse can promote water pollution by rain washing debris out of piles of refuse and into surface water. Ground water pollution may also occur. Piles of refuse rot and smell, which is a nuisance and is aesthetically unpleasing in the urban environment. Where refuse disposal services are lacking much refuse is deposited in open street drains and urban waterways. This causes them to block and can cause flooding. Apart from diseases for which insects and rats are carriers, the handling of ref use can cause illness to workers who work in collection and transportation process. Infection of roundworm and whipworm are common among people who work with solid waste disposal activities without proper protective measures. The risks to health and environment during disposal of these products depend very much on the compliance by consumers with instructions for disposal and on the relevance of these instructions themselves as well as types of disposal treatment. For most hazardous household products, the quantities of waste produced are very small. However, for some categories of hazardous household chemicals e.g. pesticides and paints, quantities can be larger and present a real threat to the environment. For example consumers tend to stockpile paints and pesticides for a considerable number of years (up to 30 years) and in large quantities, and may discard large numbers of obsolete products as a single consignment. The one-off release of these obsolete or expired products into the waste streams can create high risks to health (during waste collection and treatment) and to the environment if not properly treated. The obsolete or expired products are often more hazardous than newer formulations and pack aging may not be robust enough to satisfactorily contain the products. In addition, printed labels on the packaging may no longer be readable, preventing the identification of the active ingredient and the instructions for appropriate disposal. Health hazards of Incineration or waste burning Dioxins and Furans: Dioxins and Furans are extremely persistent toxic substances that produce a remarkable variety of adverse effects in humans and animals at extremely low doses. They are a family of 210 compounds and are produced when burning halogenated substances. They are persistent in the environment and accumulate in magnified concentrations as they move up the food chain, concentrating in fat, notably breast milk. Dioxins can cause cancer and act as an endocrine disruptor with adverse effects on reproduction, development and the immune system. Heavy Metals : These are present in many waste streams and cannot be destroyed by incineration. They end up in ash or are released as air emissions. Typical heavy metals emitted by incinerators include mercury, which causes birth defects, immune system damage, and nervous disorders; lead, which is known to cause nervous disorders; and cadmium, which causes kidney failure, hypertension, and genetic damage. Other heavy metals include arsenic which damages many tissues including nerves, stomach, intestines and skin, causes decreased production of red and white blood cells and abnormal heart rhythm. Chromium damages nose, lungs and stomach and beryllium causes chronic lung problems. Incinerators are significant sources of these forms of air pollutants. Worldwide, incinerators are the source of 21 percent of air emissions of manganese and lead, 19 percent of antimony, 15 percent of tin, and 11 percent of selenium. 1. (Total Sanitation Campaign, 2007, Malinya Muktha Keralam Action Plan, Local Self Government Department, Government of Kerala. 2. Total Sanitation Campaign, 2008, Zero Waste Kasargod Project Report Kasargod District Panchayath, Government of Kerala 3. Dr. K.N. Nair and Sridhar R., 2005, Cleaning up Kerala Studies in Self help in dealing with solid waste, Centre for Development Studies. 4. Jeff Conant and Pam Fadem, 2008, A Community guide to Environmental Health, Hesperian Foundation, CA, USA 5. Brenda Platt, David Ciplet, Kate M. Bailey and Eric Lombardi, 2008 June, Stop Trashing the Climate, ILSR, Eco-cycle and GAIA 6. GAIA, Aiming for Zero Waste 10 steps to get started at the local level Education and Publicity A household waste (hhw) collection program cannot succeed without a strong public education effort that provides general information about HHW and specific instructions about how to participate on collection day. This education also might benefit the community by reducing the quantity of HHW collected in subsequent programs. It is still too early to know, however, just how effective educational efforts will be in reducing the generation of HHW. At current collection program participation rates, it will be some time before the stored waste is cleaned out of a community. It is likely, though, that the amount of waste per participant will decrease in communities with regular or permanent collection programs. Many examples of well-planned education programs are available. Target the Audience Residents are the most important target of a HHW education program. Information about HHW also should reach public officials, civic groups, solid waste personnel, and the business community to encourage financial support, donations of in-kind services, or other assistance. The media is an especially important vehicle; media understanding of HHW issues helps ensure accurate and responsible reporting. Educators need resources to develop and communicate a strong understanding of the issue to the people they teach. Manufacturers, retail stores, school chemistry departments, hospitals, agricultural extension services, and farmers also can benefit from education about HHW. Determine the Message and Select Educational Methods Public education about HHW is a good idea even if a HHW collection event is not yet planned. The scope of this effort will depend on the finds and personnel available. Early education can focus on: Qu1. What products contain hazardous constituents. Qu2. How household generation of hazardous waste can contribute to pollution. Qu3.Why source reduction is a major goal of a HHW management program. (Source reduction is defined as the design, manufacture, purchase, or use of materials or products to reduce their amount or toxicity before they enter the solid waste stream.) Qu4.What products contain fewer or no hazardous constituents. Qu5.How to shop smart (e.g., buying only what is needed). Qu6.How to reduce the amount of HHW generated (e.g., using up household products or giving away what cannot be used). Qu7. How to use products in a way that minimizes harm to the environment. Qu8. How to properly store and handle products containing hazardous constituents in the home. Public education before a planned collection day should not only focus on identifying HHW and helping people understand the hazards associated with HHW, but also should present the sponsors plans for addressing HHW management. Public education efforts also should communicate the individuals role in the HHW management program, including what to bring to a collection and how to transport it safely. This phase of the education program should begin at least six months before the collection day. Intensified education in the final two weeks before a collection day can have a major impact on participation rates. Publicity, a component of public education, focuses on a single goal-bringing the Public Education Methods and Techniques Education through the media. Well-prepared media handouts-feature articles, public service announcements, and other materials for the press-m inexpensive options and require less staff time than many other educational methods. Information about HHW can be presented in a variety of ways. For example, a radio broadcast might feature a hazardous waste expert who can answer phone-in questions on HHW. A local television station can cover a tour through a home with an environmental expert, who can discuss the products that can become HHW and how to manage them safely. Information and referral services. A publicly advertised local telephone hotline can encourage people to call for information about managing HHW, and also can facilitate a waste exchange/referral service. These services can be effective but require telephones, office space, training, and personnel. Mailings and mailing inserts. Utilities, banks, billers, and advertisers may be willing to include HHW announcements and informational literature in their regular mailings. Inserts mailed with water bills, garbage bills, or tax bills not only provide information about HHW, but also can educate the public about the links between HHW generation, waste management ground-water protection, and water/garbage rates. Community groups can include educational information about HHW management in their mailings or newsletters. HHW program sponsors can send direct mailings to people who participated in previous HHW collections. Posters, handouts, and brochures. Flyers and posters often are displayed or handed out at schools, libraries, community centers, and senior citizen centers. Businesses can post signs and notices for shoppers and customers on how to safely manage household products that might become HHW. Real estate agents can offer their clients information about HHW with their other community resource materials. Solid waste facility personnel at drop-off landfills, transfer stations, and recycling centers can discuss HHW and provide written information when residents drop off waste or recyclable. Handouts can include HHW wheels that highlight the potential hazards of household products and suggest less hazardous substitutes. Aims: This project aims to identify the types of wastes generated by the consumers, classify the wastes produced by daily activities at home according to it being environmentally friendly or not, plastics, papers, food waste, metal and glass. Then according to the results obtained from the questionnaire survey, a chart will represent each aspect of the waste produced and its percentage. An evaluation of the health hazard that the household wastes can represent if not properly disposed will be carried out. Objectives: Hazardous product identification-Consumers should be able to recognize hazardous products and identify the main hazards associated with use, storage and disposal. Health and environmental effects-Consumers should learn to identify the risks involved with choosing products and materials that generate hazardous waste. Safer alternatives and least toxic products-Consumers need to know alternatives to resolve the issues identified. Safe handling-Not a

Environmental Impact of Prescribed burning in the United States Essay

The term prescribed burning refers to a management practice in which fire is used to burn a predetermined area under specified environmental conditions.   Burning in this case is used as a management tool in areas that are vulnerable to catching fire due to the ground cover that acts as fuel load. In addition, burning is considered to be the most environmentally friendly and cheapest method of having woody growth in an ecosystem controlled.   Prescribed burning in the United States is common. In this form of burning, controlled fires are used to burn a specified land area after proper planning which ensures that the present weather conditions are favorable for the burning. When weather conditions are not suitable for the burn, negative impact of the fire in the burnt areas is likely to be witnessed (Dale et al, 2009).   In the United States, prescribed burning is considered to be a very important management tool due to the benefits associated with it.   Both the landowners and the United States National Forest System have been using prescribed burning for many years. According to the United States fire policy in relation to the forest ecosystem, there is need to undertake prescribed burning in order to enhance the growth of commercial forests, prevent wildfire damage and to enhance fire dependent ecosystems.   However, prescribed burning has been criticized for its negative impact on the environment. For instance, prescribed burning results to the clearing of land or use of land for agricultural activities that have negative effects on the environment.   In this paper, the impact of prescribed burning on the environment in the United States will be discussed.   The paper will focus on the effect of prescribed burning on land after it is cleared by prescribed fires.   Land clearing that results from the burning impacts negatively on the vegetation, soil, water and biodiversity. Thesis In the United States prescribed burning is made necessary by the conditions in the forest ecosystems or ranches. The burning aims at preventing wildfires that can damage properly or lead to death of the people if the fuel load on the ground encourages wild fires.   In addition, the United States national forest system undertakes prescribed burning activities due to the ecological benefits that burning gives to the forests.   The national forest system associates prescribed burning to the reduction of wildfire hazards, land improvement, game habitat enhancement, insect and disease management and site preparation for reforestation (Biswell, 1999). Examples of areas that have undergone prescribed burning activities include the California wild lands, Florida Flatwoods and the Southern eastern US National Forest.   It is important to realize that although prescribed burning in these areas has its benefits to the ecosystem and the people; it also impacts negatively on the environment over time. Negative environmental impact of prescribed burning occurs despite the fact that prescribed burning is planned in a manner that minimizes negative effects of burning on the environment.   This has made the issue of prescribed burning to become a subject of debate in the country .While some consider prescribed burning to reduce negative impact of wild fires on the environment, burning can also impact negatively on the environment.   Land clearing that result from the burning has negative effect on the environment. Discussion Negative impact of Prescribed burning on vegetation after clearing of land Prescribed burning results to the clearing of land in a predetermined area as the fire burns the fuel load.   The burning has both indirect and direct negative effects after land clearing by the fire.   Land clearing in turn has negative effects on the vegetation, water, soil and wildlife. The negative impact of prescribed burning in the United States has been witnessed in some areas because prescribed burning has become a very important activity in the country. Every year, hundreds of thousands of hectares are burned. Although various methods of burning are used burn the vegetation cover in the predetermined areas, fires destroy the existing vegetation by either injuring or killing the entire plant or parts of the plant.   This depends on the duration that the fire burns or the intensity of the fire.   Prescribed burning based on the slash reduction method results to the reduction of debris. This method is also used to reduce debris in case of a natural event or road construction.   When management ignited fire is used, the burning of a stand that has been established is done while ensuring that fire does not spread beyond the predetermined area. While small trees are completely burned during the burning, larger trees may survive the fires but some of their trees may be destroyed.   When fires are ignited, the burning forest fuels increase the temperatures which make it difficult for the vegetation to survive. Since when it comes to burning the temperature of the vegetation and that of the air are very important, people who have the responsibility to ignite fires should do it when the air and vegetation temperatures cannot encourage fires that can have adverse effects on the environment.   For instance, prescribed fires in the United States during winter top kill the hard woods while hardwood rootstocks are killed by summer burns. In areas where burning has not been done for a longtime, deep organic layer that accumulates during prescribed burning leads to the cambial damage of trees. Because only little heat is required to destroy the plant cells in growing plants, burning the vegetation kills growing plants. This leads to the short and long term destruction of the vegetation which over time exposes land to changes that impact negatively on the good conditions of the environment. One short term and long term impact of prescribed burning in the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National parks in the United States is the change in species composition (Mary Berth, 2000).   This change alters proper functioning of the ecosystem since it leads to the growth of new species while those that earlier existed and are not tolerant to fire before the fire fail to regenerate. These two parks are located in California’s South Nevada areas.   The parks cover about 864, 383 acres of land and prescribed burning in these two parks was made necessary by the desire to initiate ecological benefits in the parks.   The two parks prescribed fire programs were developed in 1969 and continues to be implemented in order to reduce fuel hazard problem that may result from heavy surface fuel loads.   Though the fires have been used to reduce the damage that may result from severe wild fires, change in species composition due to the clearing of land by fires has over the years been witnessed in the parks. Fires have limited the growth of species that are not tolerant to the fire ignited over a long time.   For instance, the increase in relative density of the giant Sequoia due to prescribed fires over a long time has altered the growth and survival of some other plant species.   The successful fire regimes restoration in the parks has encouraged the regeneration of the species that are fire-adapted at the expense of the species that are less-adapted to fire.   The reduction of fuel load and the restoration of forest structure after the fires alter the number and pattern of growth of plant species.   The parks have conifer forests dominated by the sequoia species. The change in the species number in a forest ecosystem affects the proper functioning of the natural ecosystem and this may lead to bare ground and soil erosion when plants and animals that promote proper functioning of the ecosystem are eliminated from the environment. In ecologically sensitive habitats in the United States, prescribed fires have had adverse effects on the regeneration and survival of plant species.   For example, the riparian areas in a forest system.   A study carried out to determine the effect of prescribed fire on the riparian areas in the Dark Canyon area showed that the fire consumed 90 per cent of the ground fuel, 79 per cent of the riparian zone pre-fire fuel, and 34 per cent of the total surface fuel.   The fire significantly reduced the percentage cover of the surface vegetation (Beche et al, 2005). As compared to the unburned areas, the burned area showed a change in the plant taxa richness after the regeneration of vegetation.   The reduction in plant taxa cover and richness changed the under story riparian vegetation community composition. These changes show that when an area experiences prescribed burning for a long time, disappearance of some species can lead to reduction in the percentage of vegetative cover. In the California Oak woodlands, the Native Americans used fire to have the Oak woodland vegetation altered.   Prescribed fires are considered to reduce the under story woody vegetation and have the tree density is lowered.   After the fires, regeneration may result to growth of vegetation in patches.   Since the settlement of Euro-Americans in the area, prescribed fire ignited in an ecosystem to create land for livestock ranches has removed the vegetation cover and instead encouraging the growth of plant species that are good for forage production. The woody vegetation in the area has been affected.Eventually, reduced vegetation cover has made it easy for soil to be exposed to either wind or rain erosion.Prescribed fires in Oregon’s Mixed – conifer forests of Crater Lake over the years have altered species composition by killing species that are not fire resistant while providing favorable conditions for the regeneration of fire-resistant species (Agee, 2003).   The Crater Lake National park has in the past prescribed a fire program that aims at increasing growth of pine trees and killing of the white fir tree species in the park.   Natural ecosystems can undergo succession to form forests that are dominated by the hardwood. The southeast region in the United States is considered to be the most fire dependent area in the country.   The removal of fuel loads in burned areas impacts negatively on the environment when over time plant species that support proper functioning of an ecosystem are eliminated. This makes an ecosystem to be vulnerable to changes that have adverse effects on the environment.

Kant and Gay Marriage Essays - 859 Words

Background All decisions we make are guided by an influenced belief or a maxim. A maxim is an individual rule that we use in our negotiations to steer our conduct. Maxims contain our principles and intentions; they point toward our general character. A solid and well intentioned maxim is universalizable. The precise significance of universalizability is contentious, but the most widespread interpretation is that the categorical imperative asks whether the maxim of your action could become one that everyone could act upon in similar circumstances. An irrational maxim is self-defeating, as it cannot be consistently willed with its intended goal; in other words, it cannot provide a rational guide for human action since it cannot in†¦show more content†¦Although this is not really true but could still be argued that as long as everyone had the right to be a homosexual the laws of Universalisation would stand to be true. Universalisation says that we should apply homosexuality as a maxim and apply it to everyone; however this would lead to a problem, as the continuation of the species would not occur. Of course, marriage does nothing to ensure people will in fact have children. We could however adjust this maxim for sexuality, however, this may be moving away from the absolutist nature of Kant’s categorical imperative. He also states that marriage is the only place in which sex may take place. However, were gay marriage to become legal Kant may approve. â€Å"Kant, renown for his 1781 work Critique of Pure Reason, has been criticized for being rigid and overly rational in his moral thinking, but others believe those aspects of his work are over played (Brunfield, 2011)†. Brunfield goes on to say My interpretation focuses on his attempts to view moral thinking as something thats not religious, she said. People often believe we should be moral because we will make god angry, but Kant thinks we should be moral because its the right thing to do (Brunfield, 2011). I am not so sure about these views, as Kant also believed that sex was debasing and unless constrained by marriage would allow one partner to treat anotherShow MoreRelatedEssay Utilitarian Kantian View on Same Sex Marraige961 Words   |  4 PagesRolbin Flores Assignment 4 Since 2001, same sex marriages have been big issues in the US and other countries like (Argentina, Canada, Iceland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Portugal, Mexico City, Spain, South Africa, and some regions within the United States). It is always a debate in the US based on the fact if we don’t allow same sex marriage, it affect our right constitutional demand of equality established by our founding fathers. Same sex couples been trying to get marriedRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Divine Command Theory Essay1434 Words   |  6 Pagesmorally right? 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